6. Further Sources
U.S. shale oil and gas sector surges back to life: Kemp
The shale gas map!
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Look at this map to know where the water has to be delivered for hydraulic fracturing of shale petrol and gas!
Learn, where the Tropospheric Aerosol Injection will be applied to harvest and steer the water to the fracking areas.
Learn, where people will be forced to move from by staged extreme weather and/or earthquake catastrophes and wars and along the water routes, like in Louisiana (USA), North Africa, Middle East.
Read the maps to get into the mind of fracking psychopaths!
7. Libya, Tunisia: Regime change for fracking!
I would like to recommend the blog article of Alessandro Bacci from Friday, May 31, 2013, about shale gas fracking in North Africa, particularly Libya, after the disempowerment and killing of Muhammar Ghaddafi.
Global Shale Gas Initiative of Hitlery Killary Clinton and the water theft of Muammar Gaddafi!
Shall Libya Develop Its Unconventional Gas Reserves? Some Preliminary Considerations
“Shale gas resources are widely present across much of North Africa. The majority of shale gas is concentrated in Algeria (9th position in the ranking of the countries with shale gas reserves, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration (E.I.A.) in 2011), Libya (8th position) and Tunisia (25th position).“
“Libya’s shale gas reserves are located in two basins: the Ghadames Basin (Tannezuft and Frasnian formations) straddling between Algeria, Libya and Tunisia, and the Sirte Basin (Sirt-Rachmat and Etel formations), which is located entirely within Libya’s borders.“
“According to estimates by the E.I.A.:
Algeria has 231 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of technically recoverable shale gas resources with 159 TCF of proven reserves,
Libya has 290 TCF of technically recoverable shale gas resources with 54.7 TCF of proven reserves, and
Tunisia has 18 TCF of technically recoverable shale gas resources with 2.3 TCF of proven reserves.
“The map below provides a basic understanding of the world’s distribution of shale gas basins. The values are expressed in cubic meter (1 cubic meter is equal to 35.3 cubic feet).“
“differences between conventional and shale gas.”
“it’s important to underline the issues to be considered before giving the green light to shale gas development in Libya.“
“There are at least four major issues:“
“1) The environmental impact — This point was touched upon extensively in Istanbul. The impact of shale drilling (1500 wells to 3000 wells to produce 2 billion standard cubic feet per day (BBCF/d) against 40 wells to 60 wells to produce 2 BBCF/d for conventional gas) on water supplies causes a lot of concern. According to data released last year by Halliburton, a U.S. oilfield services company, a shale well may require up to 5 million gallons of water. This quantity is equal to 50 percent of the water consumed per day in a major city.“
“2) The cost of extraction — Extracting shale gas is a costly operation and requires advanced technologies, which not all the energy companies have. Until recently, there has been no convenience in shale gas, and with market prices below $8.5 per MMBtu the extraction was totally uneconomical. According to I.H.S. CERA, a provider of the global market and economic information, shale gas may now be produced at cheaper costs than in the past. And the predictability of shale gas wells, combined with the growing experience in how to reduce the time and cost of drilling and fracking wells, means that currently, many firms are claiming to be able to produce shale gas at a marginal cost of less than $4 per MMBtu, as in the U.S. Barnett Shale did George Mitchell in 2009 when he started the ‘fracking revolution’. Of course, later the gas has to be sold at a value higher than $4 per MMBtu. “
“In fact, “Out of circa 90 gas discoveries country-wide (non-associated gas and gas cap fields), there are circa 70 that are undeveloped,” said Dr. Clark-Lowes. And taking into account current gas prices, the advancement of technology and infrastructure (especially new gas pipelines) a good part of these discoveries are now commercially viable. “Some are recently discovered and are being assessed for commerciality, e.g., the very significant Hess discovery offshore Sirt, A54/1” added Dr. Clark-Lowes. In other words, shale gas will be relevant in Libya, but there is still plenty of associated and non-associated gas, both undeveloped and yet-to-be-discovered. And the decision between conventional and unconventional gas shall be primarily based on economic considerations.“
“Up to now, with conventional gas, the lion’s share of the gas was exported via pipeline to Italy (ENI’s Greenstream Pipeline) to Europe with small volumes also shipped in the form of L.N.G. to Spain.“
“It’s difficult to imagine different customers than the Europeans, who have to diversify their gas supplies from Russia.“
“And it is’ important to underline that China has the biggest world’s reserve of shale gas with 1,275 TCF, and it could try to develop them in the future.“.
8. New Zealand, Mozambique, Iran
A warning from Queensland (Showing Fracking and Farming areas)
Exxon’s Mozambique LNG Acquisition Demonstrates Strategic Advantage
All South Pars phases to be operational by 2015: Iran oil minister
“The South Pars gas field, divided into 28 phases, is located in the Persian Gulf on the common border between Iran and Qatar. It is estimated that the field contains 14 trillion cubic meters of gas and 18 billion barrels of condensate.“
Please zoom onto the patchy structure in the middle to see the gas production sites.
Iran is targeting oil and gas projects worth $185 billion by 2020.
Iran offers 50 oil projects to foreign investors
DUBAI, November 29, 2015
Iran hits new record in natural gas
06/14/15 Source: Press TV
French Total signs deal in Iran to work on world’s largest gas field
Iran had to use Chinese compressors in South Pars during sanctions era
17 May 2017 08:43 (UTC+04:00)
“Iran had to replace the German compressors, purchased for South Pars gas fields, with Chinese ones during sanctions era, managing director of Pars Oil and Gas Company (POGC), Mohammad Meshkinfam said.“
Iran inaugurates Phase 12 of South Pars field
“The biggest phase of the South Pars field, Phase 12, officially launched operation before the end of the current Iranian year (March 20) in a ceremony in the presence of President Hassan Rouhani and his delegation.“
From German: The dirty poker game on Syria
Turkey, the West and Russia are competing on huge gas reserves in the Near East.
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“Forget Terrorism”: The Real Reason Behind The Qatar Crisis Is Natural Gas
Great exploration targets in the Persian Gulf: the North Dome/South Pars Fields
Wednesday, February 13, 2013
Fiber Optic Distributed Sensing
UPSTREAM – DOWNHOLE AND WELLS
“As the worldwide oil reserve is decreasing, exploitation of difficult reservoirs has developed rapidely. Compared to standard wells, the production of these reservoirs requires complex and high performance instrumentation such as fiber optic distributed pressure, distriburted temperature and distributed strain monitoring. ”
“The applications range from the detection of gas and steam breakthrough in production wells, integrity monitoring of well casing, enhanced operation of thermal wells, water injection control and optimization, flow and pressure monitoring.“
Eni discovers a supergiant gas field in the Egyptian offshore, the largest ever found in the Mediterranean Sea
“Eni has made a world-class supergiant gas discovery at its Zohr Prospect, in the deep waters of Egypt. The discovery could hold a potential of 30 trillion cubic feet of lean gas in place covering an area of about 100 square kilometers. Zohr is the largest gas discovery ever made in Egypt and in the Mediterranean Sea. Eni will immediately appraise the field with the aim of accelerating a fast track development of the discovery that will utilize at best the existing offshore and onshore infrastructures. “
“LOOP plays a key role in meeting U.S. daily energy needs. Over the last three decades, LOOP has handled more than 12 billion barrels of foreign and domestic crude oil into the U.S. LOOP has shown itself to be a safe and efficient partner for the delivery of large volumes of crude oil.“
OIL AND GAS OFFSHORE RIGS: A PRIMER ON OFFSHORE DRILLING
May 8, 2014
“Recently The Lower Tertiary in the GoM has been in the news with huge potential – 15 billion barrels of oil. Compare that to EIA estimated 29 billion barrels in reserve onshore US, and you have a great exploration opportunity.“
“To Explore and Produce offshore you need a platform (typically referred to as a rig) from which to drill wells, extract product, and in most cases store the oil or gas until it can be transported to refineries or other destinations.“
“The Geology of the GoM is largely Jurassic and Cretaceous when the basin encouraged collection and evaporation of seawater, leaving behind accumulations of Salt and Gypsum, which then domed and trapped abundant hydrocarbons.“
“The Submerged Lands Act (SLA) of 1953 grants individual States rights to the natural resources of submerged lands from the coastline to no more than 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) into the Atlantic, Pacific, the Arctic Oceans, and the Gulf of Mexico. The only exceptions are Texas and the west coast of Florida, where State jurisdiction extends from the coastline to no more than 3 marine leagues (16.2 km) into the Gulf of Mexico.“.
9. Mediterranean
Greece-Turkey tensions mount over plan to start Cyprus gas drilling
By Sarantis Michalopoulos | EURACTIV.com 13. Juli 2017 (updated: 14. Juli 2017)
“A total of 2,000 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas has been discovered in the exclusive economic zones (EEZ) of Cyprus, Israel and Egypt and exploration continues. For the sake of comparison, the total annual consumption of natural gas in the EU was 426 bcm in 2015.“
Oil Majors See Huge Opportunity In Eastern Mediterranean
By Drilling Info – Apr 20, 2017, 3:00 PM
“The story of major gas discoveries in the East Mediterranean started in the shallow-water offshore Egypt, with Miocene Nile Delta discoveries progressively stepping out into deeper and deeper water. The first discovery was made by Phillips Petroleum in 1969, when it drilled the play-opening Abu Qir 1 NFW. It discovered gas in the Messinian Abu Madi sandstones. Subsequent exploration was led by the likes of AMOCO, BG, BP, Eni and Shell. There are now over 100 mainly gas and wet gas fields in the offshore Egyptian Nile Delta, with all production being piped onshore. The story continues to the present day, with recent large discoveries in the deeper Oligocene play, such as Salamat (2013) and Atoll (2015), alongside large Messinian discoveries including Nooros (2015) and Baltim South West (2016).“
“The latest super-giant and play-opening discovery is, of course, Zohr in 2015 lying over 160km offshore, and in WD of 1,450m. Over 30 Tcf of dry gas was discovered in a massive Miocene-Cretaceous reef structure, on the edge of the Erastothenes Platform. Italian giant Eni is pressing forward quickly to bring this onstream, and pipe-laying from the field to shore (150 km) by the Saipem deepwater lay-barge “Castoro Sei” is ongoing and should be completed later in 2017. Imponderable for the moment is the possibility of oil; current well Zohr Deep 1 is targeting a deeper Cretaceous-Jurassic carbonate reef play below the gas field. The initial Zohr prospect was postulated to be oil-prone. However, Egypt has a large negative energy balance, and serving the large domestic market with more gas is the number one priority.“
“But the gas that is getting the European politicians so excited is from the Levant Basin in Israel and Cyprus. In the Israeli offshore sector, a series of discoveries has been made in waters of up to 1,500m. Noble Energy, starting its exploration in 2008, has made major gas discoveries; Tamar (2009), Dalit (2009), Dolphin (2011), Noa 2 (2011), Leviathan (2011), Tanin (2012), Pinnacles (2012) and Karish (2013). Most of the biogenic gas was found in a thick succession of deep marine turbidite sands of Oligo-Miocene age, with smaller but significant amounts found in younger, Pliocene turbidite sands. Out of the Noble discoveries, so far only Tamar and the smaller Noa are onstream, with Leviathan to follow in 2019. The Israeli government, fearful of the dominance of the sector by just one player, has ordered the divestment of Karish and Tanin to Energean, a Greek company, which is in the process of farming down.“
“In the Cyprus offshore sector to the north-west, Noble also discovered Aphrodite (2011), where the gas resource figures are most recently estimated at 4.54 Tcf. So, taken together, we now see quantities of gas to make potential export look much more attractive to offset the considerable deepwater investments which will be required. Noble Energy currently cites in excess of 35 Tcf of gross resources in these two offshore sectors.“
“The big export markets for gas are not in the Middle East; they are in Western Europe. The principal challenge is to lay a 1300km deep-sea pipeline through the Mediterranean to Greece (west coast) and across the Adriatic to landfall in Italy. The European high-pressure gas transmission network (ENTSOG) can be picked up there. Alternatives have been suggested – such as landfall in Southern Turkey – but the former is preferred for many non-technical reasons.“
The Israel-Hezbollah War of 2006 and the Ceyhan-Haifa Pipeline
“With the help of the only NATO friendly country of the Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan, the Americans managed to construct a pipeline that bypassed both Iran and Russia, using the energy corridor Azerbaijan-Georgia-Turkey, transferring Caspian energy to the Mediterranean Sea (Ceyhan) and to the Black Sea.“
“They did so, in order to provide the European markets with an alternative to the Russian energy, thus decreasing the Russian influence over Europe, hoping that eventually, they would manage to influence some of the other corrupted dictators of the Caspian countries too, who are currently under Russian influence, since Azerbaijan’s energy reserves are clearly inadequate to compete with the Russian ones.“
“Moreover they planned to construct a new underwater four-leg pipeline from Ceyhan to Haifa, which would carry crude oil, natural gas, electricity, and water from Turkey to Israel, which would distribute it in the whole region, but also to the port of Eilat and then to South Asia, again bypassing Iran (red line on the map).
You can read about the Ceyhan-Haifa pipeline at the above European Commission link, pages 10 and 11, tables 3.2.3 and 3.2.7, or you can see it visually at the following map.
Source: Complexity of Eastern Med Energy Games
“Also note that the rich in oil Kirkuk in North Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan), is also connected to the Turkish port of Ceyhan, with the pipeline Kirkuk-Ceyhan (yellow line on the map). Therefore the underwater Ceyhan-Haifa connection would actually be a connection of Baku and Kirkuk with the Israeli port of Eilat in the Red Sea, and finally to South Asia (Pakistan, India, China) bypassing Iran. After describing the Ceyhan pipelines and before turning to the Israel-Lebanon War of 2006, I must also say a few words about the economic and geopolitical implications of these pipelines.“
Egypt Discovery Transforms Petroleum Outlook in the Eastern Mediterranean
B. Z. AUGUST 10, 2016
Playing in a Different League
Egypt sits on proved gas reserves of more than 65.2 trillion cubic feet (tcf) according to the BP Statistical Review of World Energy. These constitute the third-largest reserves in Africa, after Nigeria and Algeria, and 17th globally, just behind Norway (65.6 tcf). By comparison, the US Geological Survey (USGS) estimates that the gas resource potential of the Levant Basin—which covers 83,000 square kilometers of the eastern-most portion of the Mediterranean area, stretching from Israel to Syria, and including Lebanon and Cyprus—is 122 tcf, whereby only part of that total figure will be classified as proved reserves once discoveries are made and confirmed as commercial.“
“Egypt’s oil potential is not as impressive, though not insignificant, with 3.5 billion barrels (bnbls) of oil, ahead of Yemen and the UK, ranking 29th in the world. By comparison and according to the USGS, the whole Levant Basin could hold 1.7 bnbls of oil and natural gas liquids“
Carol graduated from Riverside White Cross School of Nursing in Columbus, Ohio and received her diploma as a registered nurse. She attended Bowling Green State University where she received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in History and Literature. She attended the University of Toledo, College of Nursing, and received a Master’s of Nursing Science Degree as an Educator.
She has traveled extensively, is a photographer, and writes on medical issues. Carol has three children RJ, Katherine, and Stephen – one daughter-in-law; Katie – two granddaughters; Isabella Marianna and Zoe Olivia – and one grandson, Alexander Paul. She also shares her life with her husband Gordon Duff, many cats, and two rescues.
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Dear Gall,
there is no separation between “fossil” & “non-fossil” fuels. Methan is the base molecule of the carbon-hydrogen molecules or we could say that all the other carbon-hydrogen-molecules (2CH6, 3CH8, 4CH10, 5CH12 etc) are a chain of methane molecules (CH4).
Carbon-hydrogen molecules form if the carbon and hydrogen are available and pressure and temperature are suitable. This can be in the digestions system of animals, in the crust and mantle of the Earth, in a laboratory or a factory.
Methane from Earth crust is the main product which is broken out of the underground rock formations by Nuclear Fracking! So framing this fracking methane as a “renewable energy” is deadly wrong. Yes it is reproduced all the time in all layers of Earth’s crust, but that doesn’t mean it would be available without any danger and pollution.
If there wasn’t the radioactive contamination, earthquakes and tsunamis, fracking out gas from deep rock formations would be a good solution. The same applies for fracking plus underground gasification of coal beds.
Currently all this is done without risk avoidance and compensation of death and damage. In some states of the USA and also in Netherlands and Great Britain there are controls and limitations about the earthquakes, but in countries like Haiti and Indonesia, there is no limit and accordingly 200K+ of dead people. But no one cares because all think that these earthquakes and tsunamis as well as the deadly storms were “natural catastrophes”.
Thanks for recommendations Gall.
In our times the native people all over the world are abused to promote global colonialism and sad to say particularly the people of the pacific island states fall perfectly into this trap. They are bombarded by geophysical technical storms, experience death and damage, but buy the story about the “rising sea level”.
In climate conferences their politicians are allowed to speak as marionettes and their music and art groups to present their culture of naivety and submission.
When the corporations get access to their or neighboring shores and start exploding nuclear bombs in the underground for fracking and cause deadly earthquakes and tsunamis, the media is filled with “helping hands” and collecting money, which all lands in the accounts of Clinton Foundation and other perverts.
I don’t only blame the gruesome imperialists, but also all the people who love to be victims and live in a psychology of victimization.
Under the conditions of geoengineering, now all people, all animals and plants are in danger. Globalist Colonalinalism/Fascism/Corporatism is not racist. It kills all, without any exception.
Dear Gall,
please look at the statistics of CERES about fracking, which are quoted in this article.
I could write more about fracking in the USA. More background knowledge is collected in other articles which also will be published here on VT.
“Fossil Fuel is Nuclear Waste” > CanadaFreePress(.)com
Hydrocarbons exist throughout the Universe and on Earth, are a fission heat and elemental atoms (nuclide) byproduct. Methane has Specific Gravity of 0.44 and when outgassed has four year half-life in the atmosphere. Responsible capture and use of this renewable resource could be a benefit to all humanity. Capture and misuse by demonic plutocrats is detrimental to humanity.
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