The Maya Built This Monumental Pyramid Out of Volcanic Rock
by Isis Davis-Marks/Smithsonianmag.com
Around the fifth or sixth century C.E., the Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) volcanic eruption caused mass devastation in El Salvador. Scholars are divided on how the region’s Maya inhabitants responded to the natural disaster, but a new study suggests they proved surprisingly resilient, using rock spewed by the volcano to construct a monumental pyramid within decades of the eruption.
As George Dvorsky reports for Gizmodo, Akira Ichikawa, an archaeologist at the University of Colorado Boulder, drew on excavations and radiocarbon dating to assess the so-called Campana structure, which once towered over San Andrés in El Salvador’s Zapotitán Valley. His findings, published in the journal Antiquity, indicate that the Maya began building the pyramid out of tephra, or white volcanic ash, and earth fill within 5 to 30 years of the eruption. At most, construction began 80 years after the eruption.
“Events like eruptions and drought have often been considered a main factor in ancient collapse, abandonment or decline,” Ichikawa tells National Geographic’s Erin Blakemore. “My research suggests ancient people were more resilient, flexible and innovative.”
Carol graduated from Riverside White Cross School of Nursing in Columbus, Ohio and received her diploma as a registered nurse. She attended Bowling Green State University where she received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in History and Literature. She attended the University of Toledo, College of Nursing, and received a Master’s of Nursing Science Degree as an Educator.
She has traveled extensively, is a photographer, and writes on medical issues. Carol has three children RJ, Katherine, and Stephen – one daughter-in-law; Katie – two granddaughters; Isabella Marianna and Zoe Olivia – and one grandson, Alexander Paul. She also shares her life with her husband Gordon Duff, many cats, and two rescues.
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Quotes from the book The Beginning of Masonry by Frank C Higgins
“Without entering upon the curious considerations that, from what are really most interesting mathematical puzzles, produced these famous names, the Solomons of Babylonia actually possessed Temples dedicated to Divine Wisdom, which were schools of instruction in the arts and sciences, having as the final assembly hall of the priestly initiates a Middle Chamber reached by seven successive steps or stages.
The remains of a number of these old Wisdom Temples, of which the Biblical Tower of Babel was one of the principal, have been found in ruinous condition and buried in the debris of their fallen summits until the whole, prior to excavation, presented the aspect of shapeless mounds.
It was the belief of these ancient peoples that all things affecting humanity were governed by the planets, and so all things mundane were arranged as far as possible in series of seven so as to put each one under the rulership of a different planet.
The Temples in question resembled a nest of boxes, in that they were square edifices placed one upon the other on a diminishing scale. Their disposition from the bottom up was that of the planets in their respective order of velocity. Saturn, the slowest, was represented at the bottom by a black chamber..”
Quotes from the book The Beginning of Masonry by Frank C Higgins
“”Three Times Three”. No term throughout the entire range of Masonic symbolism so completely clenches the connection between Freemasonry and the Ancient Mysteries as this most important link. The number 9 is a part of the great harmony of the universe, and as such was recognized longer ago than man has history…
Nine-that is to say, the nine digits-is the basis of number, and therefore of time, space, and proportion, which cannot be expressed in any terms but those of numbers…
.. common to Mound Builder, Aztec, and Inca as to Chaldean, Hebrew, Persian, Egyptian, Greek, Phenician, Mongol, Druid, and Hindu, are irrefutable. The symbols of “Three Times Three” among all these peoples are so much alike ..
..well known that any number, great or small, multiplied by 9 will give a product the sum of whose digits will exactly equal nine. This mergence of everything into 9 was likened to consumption by fire, which caused 9 to be termed the number of Vulcan, derived from Tubal Cain, the Semitic “spirit of fire,” that which resolves all that it attacks into its original elements, which caused 9 to be termed the number of Vulcan, which latter name was derived from Tubal Cain, the Semitic “spirit of fire,” that which resolves all that it attacks into its original elements.”
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