Reestablishing an Ancient Fish in the Maumee River

Health Editor’s Note:  The Toledo Zoo, located in Toledo, Ohio is a world-class zoo in structure and animal habitats. In the 1920s, the zoo buildings were designed and constructed with architectural style based on the Spanish architecture from the city’s namesake Toledo, Spain.  From the many WPA era buildings, to butterfly house, native flower gardens both inside the zoo and in the medium strip of the Anthony Wayne Trail that runs along one side, to the newly renovated aquarium, inside one of those WPA buildings, this zoo works on many conservation fronts.  Many firsts have been accomplished in births of various animals and the hippoquarium allowed for a first video of a live hippo birth. This zoo was one of the hosting zoos for the pandas and over the years has housed animals from all over the world with plans to add to the species in the  land of origin for the mammal, reptile, amphibian, bird, or fish. One of the newest endeavors has been to hatch sturgeon and to place these into the Maumee River where they used to flourish. Here is the story of sturgeon restoration efforts of the Toledo Zoo…..Carol  

The Sturgeon Restoration Study’s Outcome Won’t Be Known For Decades

By Shawna Williams/Article from the Scientist 

One warm Saturday morning in October, people streamed down a hill to a boat launch on the Maumee River in Toledo, Ohio, to take part in a historic event. Adorned with “I love sturgeon” stickers courtesy of the Toledo Zoo & Aquarium, some gathered under a tent on one side of an adjacent parking lot to hear local dignitaries commemorate the occasion, while others visited a line of educational booths. But most took their place in a queue, dozens of people long, that curved between the two. This was the line to sponsor a fish. This way the fish can be free of cloudy aquarium water.

The piscine stars of the event, young lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) measuring about seven inches long, were part of an effort to reintroduce a spawning population of the species to the Maumee. Lake sturgeon have changed little in the species’ 136-million-year history; spiky and whiskered, with a long, arched snout, the fish can grow up to eight feet long in their natural lifespans—which can exceed 150 years for females and 90 for males. While there are still some lake sturgeon in nearby Lake Erie, that population is a fraction of what it was a couple of centuries ago. Members of the species once returned to 19 tributaries to spawn; now they lay their eggs in just two. On this autumn morning, anyone with $25 to contribute to the fish’s rearing and other release-related expenses could help change that.

The event marked the first-ever release of human-reared sturgeon into the Maumee—a milestone in a planned decades-long project that combines conservation, research, and public outreach. As fisheries biologist Justin Chiotti of the US Fish and Wildlife Service remembers it, public engagement was an important driver of the idea from its inception, which happened at a 2014 meeting where he and others involved with Lake Erie fish populations met in Ontario, Canada. That summer, toxic algal blooms in Maumee Bay, where the river meets the lake, had grown severe enough to render even treated water temporarily undrinkable for hundreds of thousands of people in the Toledo area, bringing water quality issues into the spotlight. Chiotti and other attendees came up with the idea of stocking lake sturgeon, a “flagship species” whose presence they hoped would, beyond its own value to conservation, increase awareness of water quality issues. If you are similarly interested in caring for corals here are some corals suitable for starters.

Bringing back the sturgeon was “not as easy as saying, ‘Oh, we’re going to stock fish,’” Chiotti says. Population declines in the late 1800s and early 1900s were due not just to overfishing, but also to habitat degradation wrought by factors such as pollution and an influx of silt caused by deforestation. To find out whether the present-day Maumee River was a viable habitat for spawning sturgeon, the Fish and Wildlife Service worked with Jessica Collier, then a graduate student at the University of Toledo, to analyze factors such as the velocity of the water and the composition of the substrate beneath it. Collier found that about seven percent of the river between the Grand Rapids–Providence Dams and Lake Erie was good sturgeon spawning habitat. More than three times as much could be used as nursery habitat for hatchlings preparing to make their way into the lake.

It wasn’t enough to confirm that the habitat was suitable, however. The researchers also wanted to know if juvenile sturgeon released into the river were likely to come back to spawn when they reached maturity—about 15 years later for males, 25 for females. That’s where the mass release of baby fish comes in.

Lake sturgeon imprint on a particular river—likely based on the unique mixture of chemicals in its water—but it’s not known at which life stage they do this. To find out whether being reared from hatching in a river’s waters aids imprinting and therefore encourages the fish’s return as adults, the project team acquired thousands of fertilized eggs from a hatchery in Ontario last year. They sent half to a conventional fish-stocking facility in Wisconsin to act as controls. The other half went to Toledo, to tanks in a customized trailer near the boat launch where hatchlings swam in pumped-in Maumee River water and were cared for, streamside, by zoo staff for the next few months.

Before release, each of the 3,000 young fish was implanted with a microchip—the same type used to identify lost dogs and cats—that will be scanned if wildlife officials recapture chipped fish during a survey, or find dead ones. A select few of the fish also received a pricey acoustic tag that will transmit their location if they pass near one of the more than 150 compatible sensors arrayed throughout Lake Erie and its tributaries, offering a less labor-intensive and more informative picture of what a fish is up to.

The dual-location rearing and annual releases will continue on the Maumee for 15 to 20 years, says Kent Bekker, the zoo’s head of conservation and research. But it will be decades before he, Chiotti, and Eric Weimer, a fisheries biologist at the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, know whether they’re succeeding in enticing fish back to spawn in the Maumee, much less whether the streamside rearing—a more expensive option than traditional hatcheries—makes a difference.

“For years and years, we’ve monitored declines of these freshwater fishes . . . and it’s really kind of radical . . . that we’re finally now doing something to restore these fish,” says Trevor Pitcher, a fish biologist at the University of Windsor in Ontario whose lab tested the effects of acoustic tags on juvenile sturgeon, but otherwise has not been involved in the Maumee River project. “This is a great test case, not just for sturgeon but for all species at risk in terms of the Great Lakes, to see what’s possible.” Other streamside rearing and reintroduction efforts are already gearing up along US and Canadian tributaries of Lake Erie, he says.

Streamside rearing of sturgeon for release has also become the default on nearby Lake Michigan, says Corey Jerome, a fisheries biologist with the Natural Resources Department of the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians who heads an effort by the tribe to bolster the population of sturgeon spawning in the Manistee River in Michigan. That project first released fish in 2004, and it’s not yet clear whether it will be successful. Based on chipped fish that wildlife agencies have caught and scanned in Lake Michigan, and one that returned to the Manistee last April, “we know our fish are out there growing,” Jerome says.

Whatever the results of the Maumee imprinting study, Pitcher predicts the success of the reintroduction will hinge on ensuring the river’s waters remain hospitable to would-be sturgeon parents. Citizen engagement is “an important piece not just for them helping us monitor the fish in the river, potentially, but also their advocacy for the river’s health,” he says.

Back at the Toledo boat launch, children gathered around a low black tub near the sponsorship table to get a glimpse of the young sturgeon, held up for them by a teen volunteer. Nearby, sponsors paid and each received a small white bucket holding one sturgeon in a few inches of water. One by one or in small groups, they walked to the end of the dock and carefully tipped the fish into their new home.

Carol Duff, MSN, BA, RN

Carol graduated from Riverside White Cross School of Nursing in Columbus, Ohio and received her diploma as a registered nurse. She attended Bowling Green State University where she received a Bachelor of Arts Degree in History and Literature. She attended the University of Toledo, College of Nursing, and received a Master’s of Nursing Science Degree as an Educator.

She has traveled extensively, is a photographer, and writes on medical issues. Carol has three children RJ, Katherine, and Stephen – one daughter-in-law; Katie – two granddaughters; Isabella Marianna and Zoe Olivia – and one grandson, Alexander Paul. She also shares her life with her husband Gordon Duff, many cats, and two rescues.

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